Beta Decay Definition in Chemistry

Beta Decay Definition in Chemistry Beta rot alludes to the unconstrained radioactive rot where a beta molecule is created. There are two kinds of beta rot where the beta molecule is either an electron or a positron. How Beta Decay Works ÃŽ ²-rot happens when an electron is the beta molecule. A molecule will ÃŽ ²-rot when a neutron in the core changes over to a proton by the reaction:ZXA â†' ZYA1 e-antineutrinoHere X is the parent iota, Y is the little girl iota, Z is the nuclear mass of X, An is the nuclear number of X.î ² rot happens when a positron is the beta molecule. An iota will ÃŽ ² rot when a proton in the core changes over into a neutron by the reaction:ZXA â†' ZYA-1 e neutrinoHere X is the parent molecule, Y is the little girl particle, Z is the nuclear mass of X, An is the nuclear number of X.In the two cases, the nuclear mass of the particle stays steady however the components are transmuted by one nuclear number. Useful Examples Cesium-137 rots to Barium-137 by ÃŽ ²-decay.Sodium-22 rots to Neon-22 by ÃŽ ² rot.

Anne Frank and Fredrick Dougalss Essay Example For Students

Anne Frank and Fredrick Dougalss Essay Anne Frank and Frederick Douglass Everybody has trust in something whether it is conceivable or apparently incomprehensible. Anne Frank and Frederick Douglass, among numerous distinctions and similitudes, both had trust in something others might not have accepted to be conceivable. They never surrendered their expectation that they so urgently clung to when they were in subjugation. Anne Frank and Frederick Douglass were both held in servitude, each in an alternate way. Honest was kept from the open eye for dread she would be gotten and executed by the Germans. Indeed, even before she remained in isolation she needed to submit to such huge numbers of limitations that she had no opportunity by any means. Then again, Douglass was brought into the world a slave and had never realized what it resembled to be free, kept in servitude by his lord. Regardless of all that the two of them kept their expectations that they would be free one day and individuals would not, at this point victimize them. Likewise, while Frank and Douglass were in servitude they had a few people who helped them en route. They couldnt have made it without these aides. Douglass had his lords spouse and the youthful white young men who helped him get familiar with his letters in order and his fundamental perusing. He additionally had the Underground Railroad abolitionist to help him making progress toward opportunity. Straight to the point additionally had help from certain companions of her father, Kraler and Koophuis. They helped shroud them and carry food and supplies to Frank and her family. Notwithstanding having assistants, Frank and Douglass both were acceptable scholars. Despite the fact that Douglass fundamentally had no training by any means, and Frank had excellent instruction the two of them wanted to compose. Anne Franks journal and Douglass Narrative are instances of their incredible composing abilities. Douglass ached to have the option to peruse and compose for the expectation that one day it would assist him with becoming free. Conversely, Franks training was simply part of her life as a school young lady. Having the option to compose profited both Frank and Douglass and helped them overcome their difficulties by giving Frank communicate access the mystery attach and by helping Douglass arrive at the north. Albeit Frank and Douglass both had trust they had trust in various things. On one hand, Frank trusted that one day she would turn into a well known author and that the war would end and harmony would return. on the off chance that I gaze upward into the sky, I imagine that it will all come right, that this remorselessness will end, and that harmony and peacefulness will return once more. Then again, Douglass trusted that one day he would be a liberated person. When looking at fleeing toward the north Douglass said I reassured myself with the expectation that I should one day locate a decent possibility. In the interim, I would figure out how to compose. At long last Douglass at long last got the chance to see his expectation for opportunity become a reality. He ran away toward the north and turned into a liberated person. Sadly, Frank passed on a couple of months before the war finished and never got the opportunity to see her desire for harmony become truth and despite the fact that Frank didnt realize she would be a renowned author like she trusted her journal is the thing that made her blessing from heaven. All in all, Frank and Douglass drove totally different lives however were integrated by an expectation that separation would be abrogated in any event, when everything around them revealed to them it wouldnt occur. Segregation has made considerable progress in the brief timeframe from Douglasss day and World War II, and requirements to proceed on this way to douse it. .

Complete Insight Behind the Negative Outlook of Work-Life Balance

Complete Insight Behind the Negative  Outlook of  Work-Life  Balance As kids, when our teachers asked us to describe our ideal careers, the answer wasn’t so daunting.Many of us came up with  â€"  astronauts, athletes, doctors, technologists, scientists, dancers, etc.So, what changed  since  our childhood to  this  point  in our adult lives?Have  we  subconsciously decided to work in jobs we hate?Let’s find out by reading further on why you may be in a job that you hate that  also  takes a great toll on your mental and physical health.THE HISTORY BEHIND POOR WORK/LIFE BALANCE IT’S LONG-TERM EFFECTSAccording to  research  by the United States Department of Labor, less than 50% of employees took their paid vacation that was allotted to them.The remaining â€" simply continued working and ignored their  work-life  balance causing unhappiness and  severe  hatred for their job in the long term.Considering that in a similar study,  73% of the entire U.S.  civilian  workforce  had access to paid leave and were allowed to take it  â€"  it begs the questi on â€" why would people continue to work instead of  vacationing on  the sandy beaches of some exotic coast  sipping a glass of margarita?Here are some of the most used reasons  by employees  for not taking  vacation  leave.Fear of being replacedMany employees according to  Project Time Off  fear that upon returning from their vacation would be faced with the horror of finding another person working  at  their desk.Taking a vacation off for most employees would  be  a sign of vulnerability in their commitment and hence, while most employees would love to take  time off, they continue working to please the  gods of the company.Company Culture doesn’t permit  Often companies have strict rules and clauses stating that if an employee is to take  vacation  leave, it must be mentioned during a grace period to ensure work operations aren’t interrupted. Company culture causes many employees to reject their vacation leave as their colleagues and superiors don’t often take kindly to som eone going on a vacation while they  are faced with an increased workload.This chain reaction causes employees to feel insecure about taking a vacation that they are entitled to simply because of negative implications. There is an actual term called  â€œVacation-Shaming”  where employees are usually faced with indirect abuse by their peers and seniors.Stockpiling Vacation LeaveCompanies often provide their employees with the option of rolling-over their unused vacation leave to the next  annual term.With this  option, employees put off their vacation leave without taking them for years.Some even prefer to convert the unused vacation leave into monetary perks such as a cash bonus or a vehicle.A study by Travel Effect  has shown that employees that usually stockpile their holidays end up not using it by the end of their tenure at the company.This causes companies to provide more vacation leave roll-overs as they understand for every working day that their employee generates, the mor e profit  they stand to make  in the long run.We understand why “Jack is a dull boy due to all work and no play”. Unfortunately, working nonstop causes employees several amounts of mental stress and it  denies them  from leading a normal life with  their  family  and friends.This vicious circle of not having time for ourselves and  being  unable to spend our hard-earned money causes many of us to stagger and continue overworking ourselves.In a case from Japan  that caused global outrage, a woman  was pronounced dead  due to prolonged work of logging in more than 159 hours of overtime in a  single  week.This caused companies the world over to come up with new and better working conditions for their employees.However, as labor statistics go, there isn’t enough change and many workers end up with mental fatigue due to poor work-life balance.Here are some  consequences  resulting from  a poor work-life balance in the long-term.Marriage KillersIf the divorce stats of  Flowing Data  are anything to go by, then many married men and women are facing increased dissatisfaction, thanks to their occupational hazards.Due to long work hours, men and women usually  participate in excessive  office affairs or end up with physical altercations with their family causing divorce rates to soar.Low pay and high working hours are another reason for spouses to look for greener pastures. With a higher divorce  percentage  comes a low level of personal satisfaction.The study also shows that with higher work-life balance the divorce rates for said professions are much lower than those with a poor work-life balance.These statistics clearly indicate that finding yourself in a job that you hate can certainly spill into your family’s wellbeing.Cardiovascular IssuesHeart health is closely linked to what we eat, how often we get our physical  activity  and one important factor â€" how well we rest.According to  the Journal of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, people that clock ed more than 55 hours in any given week were at risk for developing cardiovascular complications.It isn’t hard to connect the dots as to why heart diseases are more prevalent in people  with a poor work-life balance. Let’s  look at  the following example â€"John wakes up at 5:30 am to leave  for  work as a salesman at a  retail company. He spends 14 hours a day trying to sell merchandise. His work begins at 7:00 am  sharp  and his manager is extremely strict  with  the timings.Hence, John must leave an hour before his work. If John spends 14 hours a day, he’d leave  from  work at 11 pm  every  day  and reach home at 12 am.That gives him just 5 and a half hours to himself, so by the time he finishes supper and heads to bed at 1:30 am, he is left with just 4 hours of poor-quality sleep.A healthy adult requires 7-8 hours of quality sleep to function well. As you can see in the above example,  4 hours of sleep  causes our heart to race quicker and suffer from  increased  blood pre ssure. Hence, this leads to an increased risk of heart problems for people that overwork.Severe ExhaustionWithout a doubt, working long hours into the night can cause overwhelming levels of fatigue to build up.In the end, the extra hours won’t mean a thing as the productivity level stoops to an  all-time  low and by the next morning, the employee is in no mood to contribute towards the goals of the company.Therefore, working overtime  achieves no  benefit  for the company nor  for  the employee in the long-term.Here are some of the biggest issues caused by a chronic case of fatigue:Increased  depressive  episodesAn increase in  sexual  problemsDrug addictionDecreased  cognitive  behaviorAnger  issues or  irritabilityLack of  mental  focus and  poor  concentrationInsecurityWeak  immune  systemThese are just some of the core issues caused by depleted energy levels.A poor work-life balance causes the employee to take more sick leaves causing the company to lose out on productivity.He nce, it’s important to assess the right levels of maintaining a proper work-life balance to achieve maximum efforts as far as a professional career is concerned.In the next section, we will understand the top reasons for people hating their jobs and how  one can  find a solution. 8 REASONS WHY YOU HATE YOUR JOB   HOW TO SOLVE THEM“Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work  a day in your life”  â€" UnknownWhile the above quote may speak the truth, the journey of finding a job that we are content with is a far more complex procedure.Many of us settle in our jobs for years to make ends meet while others are coaxed by their family to follow in their footsteps.Regardless of how we got into these jobs, universally we can all agree upon one aspect â€" If the job isn’t something worth waking  up  for, you probably hate your job.Let’s understand some of the reasons as to why people hate their job.1. Overwhelming  Responsibility  with No RewardMore responsibility doesnâ €™t always mean you’ll be promoted during the next performance review.When there is a high risk of responsibility and no reward at the end of it, you’ll usually end up feeling drained out and miserable.  Words  of appreciation by your boss just doesn’t cut it anymore.Let’s look at this behavior at a more primal level, imagine  having a horse run faster by dangling a carrot in front of him  as you ride.Eventually,  the horse will realize that there is no incentive  for  his efforts and will refuse to budge.In this scenario, you’ll notice that with no reward  comes no effort and this is the case with many employees hating their jobs  because of  a high level of responsibility to  take home and  no compensation  to make up for.SolutionThe next time you’re offered additional responsibilities such as projects and meetings, politely explain to your boss the situation you’re in and how you’ll be unable to  fulfill  the task.If you’re worried that you’ll be negatively vi ewed  at  during your next performance review, remember that it’s  the  work you complete that speaks for your performance review and not the quantity.If you are a valuable employee that completes your work on time, you’ll  be  considered for a promotion and  completing  more  tasks isn’t going to boost your chances.The more relaxed you are in your workplace, the better you’ll learn to love your work.So when should  you  take on additional responsibilities?The rule of the thumb  to handle  additional responsibilities  is by  working  for  the  company for at least a good period  of  2-3 years.2. Poor Social LifeAre you always forgetting your spouse’s anniversary or was it forever since you last attended  a close friend’s  birthday party?You could be stuck with a poor social life, thanks to putting your career in the driver’s seat.In this  state,  you lose track of your weekends and before you know it, all the momentous occasions of your life have passed you and you’r e left wondering “What happened?”.Add to this your working hours are inconsistent, sometimes it’s 9-to-6, other times you’re asked to come early by 8 and leave by 10.Does this seem familiar to you?If you’re stuck in a long  workday, you’re bound to feel restless and frustrated, let alone socialize, all you want to do is come home and get some much-needed rest.This cycle of repeat and rinse can have a massive drain on your energy levels.So how exactly do you exit this?SolutionTime management is crucial when it comes to working less and achieving more. From the time you hit the office, you’ll need to prepare your work schedule beforehand and get work done faster. Let’s say  you need to post a mail to your clients, prepare your draft the previous night after supper, and you’ll finish up work much earlier.However, if the problem arises from your boss or manager giving you too much work. You’ll have two options, the first one is to communicate that you  aren’t  bein g paid enough to do the work that is assigned and that you’ll be adhering to the company’s timings.If things don’t still  work  out, it might be time to send a mail to your senior management about your issues. Finally, if all things fail, it’s  time to quit your company and join one that appreciates your work.Remember, to always negotiate your work-life balance during the interview process to ensure you don’t end up with misunderstandings.3. Unable to Advance FurtherLet’s be fair. We all want to advance further in our careers and just when you think you’ll be promoted, you receive a negative confirmation in your mail.So, what’s really happening behind closed doors?You just can’t seem to move past a dead-end job and as days roll by  you seem to descend  to  the bottom of the pile since you started, and you just can’t take it anymore.Could it be your own performance?Is the company at  a  bottleneck  with many good recruits?Without the answer, you’ll be a sad barb ie that shows up to work only to another disappointing performance review on how you should work  hard,  and you’ll “soon” be promoted.Slowly but surely, you’ll begin to lose passion for  your  job.There is a term in the professional field for this and it’s called “Career Plateau”. In this plateau, the work you do is meaningless, and you’re trapped.SolutionThe solution for moving past this job is to first appraise yourself and see if you’re meeting the requirements set by the company.Do a personal self-evaluation to find out by answering a few questions such as:List down all your major and minor accomplishments in the last 6 months.What goals have you completed since joining the company?Has there been a major contribution on your part since joining the company? Were you rewarded for your effort?How many projects did you lead in the last year?How many projects did you assist in the last year?Are you able to meet the  talent requirement  required by your organization ?Did you have any sort of negative behavior since joining the job?List all the accolades and achievements/certificates you received since joining the job.With all the above questions answered, you’ll have a better understanding  of  whether  you  are part of the reason for not being promoted or  the  company is simply ignoring your requests.For the former, work  on your issues  individually, for the latter, request a one-on-one with your manager and put all these points on paper and report to him.Ask him the reason why you aren’t being promoted. If possible,  put forth the idea that other companies are hiring talent such as yours with better remuneration and benefits.Fight your case with reasonable proof and you should be able to come out of this successfully.4. Not  Challenging EnoughAccording to  an article  in NeuroNation, at least 70% of Americans think they are too smart for their job and hence complain of stress and repeated commitments.If you feel that a comfortable desk and a stable paycheck are all that is needed for a good life, think again.Hating your job for being monotonous and no scope of knowledge is quite common in the professional field.Here are 4 signs to tell you that you’re tired of your work due to its repetitive nature.You constantly say â€" “Not again, why do I have to do work of this nature” or “Can’t you let the junior team handle this?”When you look back your entire year and can’t remember a single achievement worth remembering.After reaching home, you  realize that  your energy levels  have  depleted due to boredom at work.You stay completely silent in board meetings and you let others talk it out. After all, the work isn’t worth your time.If you have any of these following thoughts crossing your mind, you are undoubtedly suffering from a burnout phase and it’s time to seriously consider coming up with a solution.SolutionThe first solution is quite easy! Speak to your boss.Tell him about offering you a new and e xciting project. If you haven’t been promoted in a while, this is a good time to convince your boss that you’re ready for new  challenges.According to  Brandy  from The Muse, many employees usually never take the initiative to improve. Employees usually think about  the  long-term  benefits of staying in a job and forgo the reason to challenge themselves.That’s why most employees prefer to do their day-to-day tasks without questioning the upper management and this completely inhibits their career growth.An employee could spend up to 5 years in the same position doing the same job  every  day with absolutely no hint of growth and this creates job stagnation. In the end,  the individual ends up hating his work.One way to put an end to  job stagnation  is by moving on to a new career field. Let’s say you’re a software programmer that specializes in Java, it’s time to learn and specialize in other languages such as Python and Ruby.By increasing your knowledge you’ll serve other job roles while not experiencing the same stagnating effect. To grow, you’ll need to be in a constant process of learning.5. Micromanaging BossA micromanaging boss is someone who finds any good excuse to mess with your daily work by asking for accountability and thorough supervision. In short, a micromanaging boss is â€"A complete demotivatorAn entity that creates self-doubt in youCreates internal conflict between you and a co-worker by  constant  comparisonsIs never satisfied by your work, no matter how good it isWill constantly interrupt and question your progress  much before the actual deadlineAs you  see, a micromanaging boss is no fun and it becomes a hassle to perform your daily duties when you’re assigned to one.In fact, a study conducted by Indiana University goes on to demonstrate that micromanaging bosses are detrimental to the mental health of the employee.What this means is due to the constant questioning and arguments with your boss, you’ll end up with  add itional  stress and this can impact your  overall  health.SolutionA micromanager boss isn’t the end of the world. Here are 3 ways you can deal with your hellish boss.a. Lower their expectationsSimple. By lowering their expectations of your work, you’ll match up to their expectation and you’ll be let off the hook with just a few words every time. Never try and  oversell  your performance to a micromanaging boss.For example, if you can finish a project in 5 days,  present  him a deadline of 8 days. He will be impressed when you give it  early.b. AnticipationMicromanaging bosses are like people that suffer from Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. They  demand that  everything  be  perfect,  or they will  fault you. An excellent way  to combat this OCD  is to anticipate what they’ll say next and quickly complete it.If he asks you to finish preparing the presentation, anticipate that your boss will ask you to present it at the board meeting and be prepared with the full speech.In this way, you’ll never give him a chance to  criticize you.c. Distract your bossMicromanaging bosses usually  hand over their  own tasks to other employees in the office. One way to get them to take back charge is by motivating them or by demonstrating why the company needs their  leadership.Demonstrate how the company is starting to  plummet  and that  the employees need the  assistance  of their  leader  to lead  the  team  in the right direction.Distracting them from their obvious micromanaging tactics usually works in keeping their eyes  off  your work.6. Job InsecurityWithout a second’s thought, one of the most obvious reasons for people experiencing a poor work-life balance is because they are afraid, they may be kicked off the company.Unemployment isn’t fun, and it doesn’t brighten your day when you have bills to pay and no way to secure payments.That’s why employees seek to stay in their current job roles living out miserable work lives with no complaints.Job insecurit y is such a  mind-boggling  psychological effect that researchers from the  Whitehall study  came up with shocking conclusions on job insecurity.Participants in the studies suffered from obesity, depression,  decreased heart rate, sleep apnea, and other illnesses.The study discussed how insecurity affects the participants in a negative manner and how it  affects  men and women in an adverse way.SolutionThe uncertainty of your future and always having the fear of losing your job is a real psychological threat  that  haunts  professionals all over the globe. Here are 4 ways to treat this psychological effect.a. AcceptanceLife is full of problems. There’s no way around it. Even the rich and successful come across daily problems, the only difference is how you  handle  them.Unemployment is scary but putting your health at risk makes you unhealthy and unemployed. Do you want to deal a double blow to your life? We didn’t think so.The best thing to do is  to calm down  and focus on one single day throughout your life and that day is â€" Today. Don’t worry about yesterday and  don’t focus on  tomorrow. Concentrate  on what you can achieve for  today.b. Speak with a fellow colleagueWhen you know others suffer from the same problems, it’s easier to talk and disperse your worries. A good way is to find a work buddy that you can spend time with after work and talk about it.You’ll be pleasantly surprised at how many people in your work suffer from this syndrome and you’ll be able to learn how they deal with the situation and introduce the same tips to your life.c. Have a goal mapped outThe future is a scary space for those who haven’t bothered to venture inside it.However, if you can map out your life, you’ll financially save up enough money to last you through your unemployment period.Psychologically, you’ll feel better going to office knowing you have some finances to keep you going when you’re fired or off the workforce.d. Inspire yourselfDon’t a lways focus on the negative aspects of your job, concentrate on the positives of having a job.Inspire yourself by reading autobiographies and understand how successful people managed to turn their lives around during a bad time.By putting yourself in their shoes, you’ll be in a much better frame of mind to act in a positive mindset rather than worrying negatively about being unemployed.7. Non-alignment of Company’s valuesEver so often, we join a company and never fully align ourselves with the company’s goals and motives.For example, let’s say you’ve been employed as an advocate for your company to oversee  lawsuits  and other legal filings. In time, you understand that your company doesn’t really care about the environment or society and is doing things  away from  the legal  route.Although you don’t fully support your company, you’re an accomplice of it by  working  for them. In this case, you’ll always find it difficult to love what you do as an advocate since y ou don’t really want to be doing the job.When you and the company never see eye-to-eye, you’re always going to hate your job.An employee can only love what he does when he believes in the company’s personal mission statement.When you’re on opposite ends  of the battleground  with moral viewpoints, then you’ll have quite a difficult time working for your company.So why do people work despite different ideologies?Simple, for the fat paycheck at the end of the month and the job benefits that go with it. The question is â€" Is it worth it?We believe it’s not  fine  for an employee to spend half of his entire professional life working for morals  he  doesn’t believe in.SolutionOne textbook solution to solve  the issue of working for a company you don’t believe in is â€" to quit.Yes, it’s a very standard approach but at the same  time,  it’s incredibly effective for your future.By spending another year working, you’ll only deny yourself the chance to be working in a company that you align your beliefs for.Be honest to yourself and take the leap of faith. If finances are a problem, then think about saving up on money  before you quit.Once you’ve got the right amount of finances, it’s best to give interviews in companies that you’d like to work for and see how that goes.It’s a long journey but a self-fulfilling journey once you’ve reached the end of it. You’ll be happy that you made the jump.8. Underappreciated  Every employee loves to be the center of attention  occasionally  when they’ve done something remarkable for their company but when the spotlight is stolen, and you’re pushed on to your next project, it’s not  an easy pill to swallow.The corporate world is full of big bad wolves ready to get an easy meal from the work of others, in this case â€" you.So instead of feeling like a pushover,  you  survive in a  merciless  environment and begin to dread going to work. What does an average employee do next?Does he scream at th e top of his lungs at the senior management until he gains recognition?  Does he quietly take the abuse that is being meted out to him?Here are a few solutions below to consider when you feel the company is ignoring your efforts.SolutionYour efforts are unnoticed  by your superiors and you simply don’t have any more fuel left over to continue working with passion. These 3 ways show you how to tackle the problem in an effective manner.a. Simply Walk OutYes. We mean quit your job. Once you’ve taken a drastic step to resign from your post, you’ll have the attention of your boss and all the senior management. At this point, you’ll either be asked to  rethink your decision and provide a reason. State the obvious reason that your efforts are going unnoticed and that you’re looking for a company that truly values you as a professional for the work you do.In this scenario, your boss will have no choice but to adhere to your demands or lose out on a valuable employee.He will demons trate  the  reason behind why you weren’t acknowledged, and you can  create  a  deal  that gives you credit for all the work you  perform. It’s that simple.However, if they are willing to let you go as an employee, either they’re ignorant or you were being unrealistic of how valuable you were to the team and might need to go over things before you submit your resignation.b. Increasing VisibilitySometimes your efforts may not be enough to catch the eye of the upper management. Karen Dillon,  author of HBR Guide to Office Politics, states it’s necessary to prove your worth above and  beyond by stating your name after every presentation as clearly as you can and  increase  your visibility by ensuring people don’t just hoard the credit of your work.Write down your name clearly on the project and provide credits to your team while presenting the project to your clients.Stand your ground by accepting large projects and playing a decisive role in them.Sometimes you’ll need one big opportunity to really get your name in the minds of your company heads.c. PatienceMaybe you have unrealistic expectations, if you’ve just joined your company block, remember there are other co-workers ahead of you working for years.Consider asking them how they were recognized by the company for their efforts.You’ll probably get an idea on how much time it takes for you to be in the spotlight by speaking to your fellow colleagues.In the end, it’s all about having patience and waiting for a single opportunity to bask in the glory of your office mates.Speak with your boss and indirectly mention that it would mean the world to you if you could get your name credited in the upcoming project.This is sending a silent and non-aggressive message over that you’d like to be rewarded for your efforts. CONCLUDING THOUGHTS ON BALANCING A NEGATIVE WORK/LIFE BALANCEAdopting a poor  work-life  balance is the fault of the employee and not the manager itself.If you’re silent and don’t raise up the concerns you’re facing at work, the managers or bosses will assume you’re happy and content with your workplace.Sometimes the best thing to do is  pour your heart out  to your  superiors.For better or for worse, at least you’ll be satisfied at the end of it that you did something about your situation and didn’t just roll over and take  their punishment.

Lattice Energy in Chemistry

ΔH (enthalpy change) for the process in which oppositely charged ions in the gas phase combine to form an ionic lattice in the solid ​phase.

The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison by Jeffrey Reiman

The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison by Jeffrey Reiman Jeffrey Reiman, author of The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison, first published his book in 1979; it is now in its sixth edition, and he has continued to revise it as he keeps up on criminal justice statistics and other trends in the system. Reiman originally wrote his book after teaching for seven years at the School of Justice (formerly the Center for the Administration of Justice), which is a multidisciplinary, criminal justice education program at American University in Washington, D.C. He drew heavily from what he had learned from his colleagues at that university. Reiman is the William Fraser McDowell Professor of Philosophy at American University, where he has†¦show more content†¦The system that emerges is what we have today. In the chapter, Crime Control in America, Reiman suggests that the system has been designed to fail. Imprisoning drug offenders, for instance, does nothing to reduce the number of drug offenders in society because they are immediately replaced. The decline in violent crime is more attributable to demographic changes than to enforcement efforts. Most of the decline in crime results from forces beyond the control of the criminal justice systems. Reiman also feels that we could reduce crime if we wanted to do so, and that our excuses are not really answers to the problem, but merely excuses to explain why the system fails. We know the causes of crimeÂâ€"poverty, prison, and drugsÂâ€"yet we do nothing to change how these things operate, such as banning guns and decriminalizing drugs. In the chapter, A Crime by Any Other Name . . . , Reiman considers how language is used to identify some actions, and he argues that such things as workplace-related deaths that could be prevented should be considered crimes, as well. As far as the criminal justice system is concerned, the face of crime is young, male, poor, and black. Reiman believes that the criminal justice system helps create this reality, projecting a particular image of crime and hiding the larger reality of social injustice and even white-collar crime. They identify crime as a direct, personal assault and ignore manyShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison by Jeffrey H Reiman1506 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Introduction The book The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison by Jeffrey H. Reiman provides a very interesting account of how the rich are being treated by the criminal justice system in a more favorable than the poorer and nonviolent criminals who are generally mistreated. Reiman started his book by stating that the recently noted decline in crime rate is skewed. This is clear in the 12th page of his book when he stated that After more than 20 years of telling us that crime was growing outRead MoreThe Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison Essay example1238 Words   |  5 PagesJeffrey Reiman, author of The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison, first published his book in 1979; it is now in its sixth edition, and he has continued to revise it as he keeps up on criminal justice statistics and other trends in the system. Reiman originally wrote his book after teaching for seven years at the School of Justice (formerly the Center for the Administration of Justice), which is a multidiscipl inary, criminal justice education program at American University in Washington, DRead MoreJeffrey Reiman, He Is The Author Of The Book The Richer930 Words   |  4 PagesJeffrey Reiman, he is the author of the book the richer get s rich and the poor get prison. He has also written many of the good book, some of his works are critical moral liberalism. The main reason of the book can be identified by its title itself, and this is due to our recent economy system. This book is about the criminal justice system, and the main idea of the book is about the failure in the criminal justice system. Also this book tells how bias is accompanied with a general refusal to remedyRead More Radical Criminology Essay2456 Words   |  10 PagesCriminal law involves prosecution by the state of a person for an act that has been classified as a crime (Criminal law, 2010). But who gets to decide what acts are criminal? It should be no surprise that the individuals with the most power do. For radical c riminologists, the problem arises in capitalist societies because it is in these societies where the means of production are owned privately by a small number of people. Based on the writings of Karl Marx, radical criminologists argue that theRead MoreWhite Collar Street Crime Essay1198 Words   |  5 Pagesthey not turned to crime. There is no way to determine this cost because there is no way to know what the criminals would have produced. Jeffrey Reiman (1998), in â€Å"The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison: Ideology, Class and Criminal Justice†, opined that white-collar crime is much more costly to society than street crime. According to Mr. Reiman, some of the greatest misery and suffering perpetrated on people isn’t even called crime. People are programmed to think of certain acts as crimeRead MoreCrime is a Social Construct.1751 Words   |  8 PagesDeprivation, the more likely they are to commit deviant acts. (Cookson and Persill 1985) Furthermore, the elite have more legitimate opportunities than the poor worker to commit crime i.e. A banker will have better opportunities to defraud customers for instance, and because of his status, the crime is less likely to be detected, whereas the poor worker would probably have to resort to robbing the bank, a much more visible crime. Furthermore, the powerful are subjected to weaker social control. TheyRead MoreAn Essay About My Life1722 Words   |  7 Pagesthe works, and what I’ll never pick up again. Maybe you’ll find a new favorite book on this list. You never know. Finishes for school: The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison by Jeffrey Reiman and Paul Leighton – A textbook-type read, very well-cited and well-researched. This is a good read if you’re interested in learning more about the American Prison system and some of the ways that poverty leads to jail. I especially enjoyed reading historical examples of events in this country where peopleRead MoreEssay on The Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison12486 Words   |  50 PagesThe Rich Get Richer and the Poor Get Prison JEFFREY H. REIMAN American University or the same criminal behavior, the poor are more likely to be arrested; if arrested, they are more likely to be charged; if charged, more likely to be convicted; if convicted, more likely to be sentenced to prison; and if sentenced, more likely to be given longer prison terms than members of the middle and upper classes.1 In other words, the image of the criminal population one sees in our nation’s jails and prisonsRead MoreSpeech on Capital Punishment Should Not Be Abolished2506 Words   |  11 PagesAngela Y. Davis Are Prisons Obsolete? New York: Open Media, 2003. Kevin Davis Defending the Damned: Inside Chicagos Cook County Public Defenders Office. New York: Atria, 2007. Rolando V. del Carmen and Chad R. Trulson Juvenile Justice: The System, Process and Law. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2005. Jack L. Goldsmith The Terror Presidency: Law and Judgment Inside the Bush Administration. New York: Norton, 2007. Tara Herivel and Paul Wright Prison Nation: The Warehousing of Americas Poor. New York: Routledge

Village volvo Free Essays

Specific Questions and Answers: Q#l) Describe Village Vole’s Service Package The service package consists of five features experienced by the customer based on his/her perception of the service: 1 . Supporting Facility: [Consists of physical sources that must be in place before a service can be offered] In our case study, Village Volvo occupies a new Bullet building with four bays in addition to an office, waiting area, and storage room. Village Volvo provides customers with waiting room that contains a TV set, comfortable chairs, coffee, a soft drink access to ensure variant and peripheral services. We will write a custom essay sample on Village volvo or any similar topic only for you Order Now Village Volvo is aware of the fact that customers do Judge their car repair services thru the perception of the entire shop, its outlay, colors, etc. 2. Facilitating Goods: [Basically the materials used during car repair service] In our ease study, Village Volvo uses specialized car repair tools and comprehensive inventory of select auto parts. 3. Information: [Efficient between customer and service manager, in order to provide good experience for customer and customized service] In the case of Village Volvo, customer is the primary source of information about any possible repairs needed and occasionally the mechanic takes the car for a test drive to ensure there aren’t any other issues with the vehicle. Another differentiating and unique source of information for Village Volvo is the Custom Care Vehicle Dossier, which serves as a great informational tool for both clients and repair. C.V. keeps of the records of repair provided, remainders about upcoming repairs, as well as future predictions of problems. Village Volvo ensures service guarantee and uses the C.V. as a source of information to provide smooth demand and generate its revenues. 4. Explicit services: [All the observable benefits by the clients, and consist of essential features of repair service] Village Volvo consists of routine services, which include tune-ups/oil changes during scheduled appointments. In edition, Village Volvo provides customized services upon client’s demand and approval. . Implicit services: [All the psychological benefits that may be sensed by a client, as well as the extrinsic features of the service] Village Volvo emphasizes on care during the entire repair service. Cars are kept clean and the inside is vacuumed as a service courtesy before pickup. Q#2) How are the distinctive characteristics of a service firm illustrated by Village Volvo? There are six distinctive chara cteristics of services: Customer Participation in the Service Process, Simultaneity, Permissibility, Intangibility, Heterogeneity, Nontransferable Ownership Characteristics of Services. 1 . Customer Participation: [Many services require the customer to be physically close to the service and, sometimes, co-produce the service] The mechanic who will be working on the vehicle and the client discuss the problems the client has noticed, then take a short test drive together, in order to make sure that they both understand the problems and what is going to happen during the service. [Information; Customer Participation]. Customer can participate more in service process: Although the customer may speak tit the mechanic during the repair process, the service manager is the main point of contact [Customer participation in the case of those customers who wait at the premises while the service is being rendered]. 2. Simultaneity: [Services are created and consumed simultaneously and cannot be stored] Customer can also choose to wait and speak with the mechanic during the repair process. It is the service manager’s responsibility to notify the customer when the vehicle is ready for pickup. 3. Permissibility: [Basically means that service is a perishable commodity. It cannot be torte or kept as a physical inventory] On the basis of their 22 combined years of training and experience with the local Volvo dealer, they have earned a respected reputation and a following of satisfied customers, which makes an independent service operation feasible. [Services are stored in systems, buildings, machines, knowledge, and people even though services in general cannot be inventoried and they are often perishable]. In addition, Village Volvo encourages clients to schedule appointments for the diagnosis and repairs of specific problems [Attempt to smooth Demand]. 4. Intangibility: [We are not able to actually touch the services, unlike tangible goods that we can wear, smell, touch. Hence, services are often being ideas, concepts, or performances] Village Volvo represents an effort by two former authorized Volvo dealer mechanics to provide quality repair service; on out-of- warranty Volvo at reasonable cost. On the basis of their 22 combined years of reputation. Village Volvo provide tangible service in property, that customer can really see the result after the car-care service. 5. Heterogeneity: [Village Volvo provides never services to various customers. The combination of intangible nature of the services and the customer as a participant in the service delivery system results in variation of service from customer to customer] Village Volvo provides customized service to the clients, all the car-care service are based on the problems and orders of customers, so the out-put to each customers are different. An example of heterogeneity is that Village Volvo maintains a continuing file on each vehicle it services. Another example from the text: these notes are brought to the customer’s attention at pick-up time and also are recorded in the C.V. for future use, perhaps in the form of a reminder postcard to the owner. Nontransferable Ownership: Village Volvo provides quality repair service base on their combined years of training and experience, those skill and experience won’t transfer to customer during the service. Q#3) Characterize Village Volvo in regard to the nature of the service act; the relationship with customers; customization and Judgment; the nature of demand and supply; and the method of service delivery. The nature of the service act: It involves â€Å"Tangible† Act and the recipient of the service is â€Å"Property’. The relationship with customers: They create a very good relationship with the customers. The mechanic and manager directly discuss with the client about the problems. They also provide other services except maintenance, such as a mini course for their client. Customization and Judgment: The owners provide a custom car-care service. They have made a specific time each week when clients may drive in for quick, routine services such as tune-ups and oil changes. In addition, they make the Custom Care Vehicle Dossier, a continuing file that records the history of each vehicle it services. The client will discuss the problems with the mechanic. The nature of demand and supply: They have set aside specific times each week when clients may drive in for quick, routine services such as tune-ups and oil changes [Convenience; Peripheral Services], but they encourage clients to schedule appointments for the diagnosis and repairs of specific problems [Attempt to smooth Demand]. The method of service delivery: Q#4) How could Village Volvo manage its back office like a factory? With regards to managing back office like a factory, Village Volvo can install windows in the waiting rooms, to enhance customer’s trust and liability in the service provided. Repair operations involves a very low contact with the customer (except those wait for the service is being rendered), thus Village Volvo set the front office scheduling for the purpose of discussing the repairs details with its clients. Therefore, Village Volvo can decouple part of the delivery process from the customer of the back office, so that it can Just focus on the repair process and become more efficient like a factory. Q#5) How could Village Volvo differentiate itself from Volvo dealers? Village Volvo has already a very efficient differentiation strategy that involves the following: a. Shuttle service b. The waiting room c. â€Å"drop-in† time d. Small worn-out parts that have been replaced are put in a clean box inside the car. E. More cumbersome replaced parts are identified and set aside for the client’s inspection. Care is taken throughout the repair process to keep the car clean, and the inside is vacuumed as a courtesy before pickup f. The owners have developed a outwork of other service providers who assist in recycling used parts and waste products and to whom they can refer clients for work that is not part of Village Vole’s services (e. G. , body work, alignments, and reupholstering). With regards to further differentiability from other Volvo dealers, Village Volvo can focus more on enhancing clients to select their services by for example providing discounts, loaner cars, drop off/pick up cars at clients home. But more efficiently, Village Volvo can focus more on the Open-System View of Service Operations, which would improve its competitiveness in the market. How to cite Village volvo, Papers

A compare and contrast essay on blues and gospel music Example For Students

A compare and contrast essay on blues and gospel music Have you ever gone out on Saturday night to hear someone sing the blues? Have you ever gone to a Baptist church the next morning and heard a Joyful gospel song? You may think the two musical expressions have nothing in common, but if you listen closely and study their histories, you will find some surprising similarities. When you first hear gospel music and the blues, you cant help noticing how different they are in mood and in the stories they tell. Blues songs are sad, full of heartbreak and disappointment. They talk about everyday problems like losing a Job or a relined, like having no money or no friends. Gospel songs, on the other hand, are the happiest songs youll ever hear, full of Joy and hope. Unlike the blues, gospel songs tell about the power of faith in tunes so catchy, they make you want to get up and dance. Both kinds of music, however, have African roots and similar African musical forms. For example, blues is known fir its blue or bent notes notes that exist somewhere in between the formal notes and the do-re-me scale. Gospel music also has bent notes. The other characteristic of African music they both have is the congregation answers. In the same way, a blues singer intones a line, and an instrument echoes or answers him or her. Both, blues and gospel music help create what we know as rock music today. In the sasss black musicians in the South and northern cities like Chicago, where black Americans had migrated in large numbers, started playing a new type of blues that was faster and a heavier beat. The style was rhythm and blues. Later, black artists like Ray Charles and James Brown added gospel harmonies and piano riffs to the rhythm-and-blues mix. This new sound found a wider and wider audience and came o be called rock and roll. So you see, even though gospel and blues songs have different moods and tell different kinds of stories, their roots and musical characteristics are very similar. Both have had a big a big influence on todays pop music. They are like two different sides of the same coin.

How to Improve Your Public Speaking Skills free essay sample

Speaking Skills Public speaking skills are valuable both in your personal life and career. However, many people do not want to be a public speaker because they are not confident enough when they give a speech in front of people. These tips below can help you to become a better public speaker. First, pay attention of your stage presence when you are gluing your speech. Good public speakers appear confident, friendly, and enthusiastic.Confidence comes from hosing a topic you like and researching It well. Also, act confident until you feel confident. It can help you to reduce your anxiety. In Dalton, your enthusiasm will naturally follow when you enjoy your topic. Second. Your voice is the most important tool to employ as a public speaker. When you are giving your speech, vary the pitch and volume of your voice. It is the essential things to help the audience to understand your main point. We will write a custom essay sample on How to Improve Your Public Speaking Skills or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page If your voice is always sigh, you may hurt your audience ears. But if you voice is always low, your audience will miss your information. Third, use the appropriate body language. You can use it to deliver your message but not too much. If you are using your body language too much, then your audience will get distracted and they are paying attention to your body language more than your main Ideas. In addition, be aware of your facial expressions as well, they should match the message you are delivering.When you tell them a sad story, your mimic must synchronize with your story. Fourth, when it comes to public speaking, delivery is everything. Even if you have a great voice and good body language, your message will get lost if the audience cant easily follow what you say. Avoid sounds like um and ah during your speech, carefully articulate and pronounce your words, pause between ideas, all of this technique can be applied to maintain a good delivery for your speech.

Heat of Fusion Example Problem - Melting Ice

Heat of Fusion Example Problem - Melting Ice Heat of fusion is the amount of heat energy required to change the state of matter of a substance from a solid to a liquid. Its also known as enthalpy of fusion. Its units are usually Joules per gram (J/g) or calories per gram (cal/g). This example problem demonstrates how to calculate the amount of energy required to melt a sample of water ice. Key Takeaways: Heat of Fusion for Melting Ice Heat of fusion is the amount of energy in the form of heat that is needed to change the state of matter from a solid to a liquid (melting).The formula to calculate heat of fusion is: q m ·ÃŽâ€HfNote that the temperature does not actually change when matter changes state, so its not in the equation or needed for the calculation.Except for melting helium, heat of fusion is always a positive value. Heat of Fusion Problem - Melting Ice What is the heat in Joules required to melt 25 grams of ice? What is the heat in calories?Useful information: heat of fusion of water 334 J/g 80 cal/gSolution: In the problem, the heat of fusion is given. This isnt a number youre expected to know off the top of your head. There are chemistry tables that state common heat of fusion values.  To solve this problem, youll need the formula that relates heat energy to mass and heat of fusion:q m ·ÃŽâ€Hfwhereq heat energym massΔHf heat of fusion Keep in mind, temperature is not anywhere in the equation because it doesnt change when matter changes state. The equation is straightforward, so the key is to make sure youre using the right units for the answer. To get heat in Joules:q (25 g)x(334 J/g)q 8350 JIts just as easy to express the heat in terms of calories:q m ·ÃŽâ€Hfq (25 g)x(80 cal/g)q 2000 calAnswer:The amount of heat required to melt 25 grams of ice is 8350 Joules or 2000 calories. Note, heat of fusion should be a positive value (the exception is helium). If you get a negative number, check your math!

Millennial Management Style in today's generation Essay

Millennial Management Style in today's generation - Essay Example Growing companies need this millennial generation who have innovative ideas that can help them improve performance. Deciding new millennial management style is extremely crucial for maximizing generation-Y potential in the companies. Therefore, the growing companies can win the generation game because with the millennial management style they can lead their managers and employees to help them perform better in the business world. Millennial management style is different from the conventional management style that is adopted by generation-X. The purpose of millennial management style is to satisfy generation-Y expectation in working force so that the millennial generation can perform at their best. This implementation positively impacts the future of growing company because of the rising number of generation-Y workers. The millennial generation expects active, involved leadership, income, personal enrichment, teamwork, and most importantly flexibility. Therefore, the growing companies must focus on following aspects to integrate the new millennial management style: Millennial management style applies flat management structure or teamwork based roles. The old tradition of a companys hierarchy structure doesnt work effectively in millennial management as in Generation-X Company. In millennial management, everyone has the same right to express his or her aspiration and his or her need for high interaction with his or her team. Set clear expectation with relationship-style focus appeals to millennial employees. When the company assigns a job or project to millennial employees, they should address the expectation with clear guidelines, priority, and intention that the millennial needs to follow. A clear expectation is very useful in millennial management system; this is because a companys management can set up a deadline that the millennial employees will fulfill when they submit the project. Autocracy leadership style doesnt work effectively in

Tx gov Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Tx gov - Essay Example The death penalty has been utilized for a large number of years because of the physiological trepidation it exacts on the individuals who witness and find out about capital punishment. The utilization of this form of punishment has served to lessen rates of crime and adjust the brains of future criminals to dissuade them against carrying out terrible wrongdoings like murder, injustice, terrorism, espionage and kidnappings. Backers say it discourages wrongdoing while abolitionists say it is illegal (Siegel 121). The most noticeably awful repulsiveness of the criminal justice framework is the execution of an innocent individual. Over a long period of time, proof has demonstrated an unsatisfactorily high risk of sentencing innocent individuals in a criminal justice framework that is so defective. A few late executions have demonstrated that deadly injection which is rampantly used for executions can frequently be agonizing and inclined to failure that ends up torturing the executed individual. Lately, as pharmaceutical makers have withdrawn consent to utilize their medications in executions, states have much of the time neglected to acquire safe options and been compelled to cover their executions under shrouds of mystery. The outcome has been an absence of responsibility for state governments in connection to mess up executions (Sorensen and Pilgrim 12). A method for defending capital punishment is that is seen as a technique which can be made into an exhibition for the general public. This thus builds up the manner of thinking that those found guilty are no longer wanted to be part of human society and thus must be dealt with in a way that is esteemed proper. According to Chenwi (59), the human rights as natives of the United States apply to the upright and good individuals and the bad individuals in equal measure. Many people argue that death penalty makes the families of the murdered

Timber Frame Construction Trends in Irelands Housing

Timber Frame Construction Trends in Irelands Housing Introduction Modern construction comes in many forms, from traditional masonry, to precast concrete, to steel, and in recent times timber frame construction. Timber frame and masonry construction are very similar looking buildings. Over the last thirty years in Ireland the main type used in domestic dwelling was masonry construction which consists of block inner leaf, cavity, insulation and a block outer leaf, externally finished normally with a brick or plaster rendered block. Over the last twelve years timber frame construction has grown to account for nearly forty percent of the market. Timber frame construction consists of an off site engineered building which arrives to site and the pieces are assembled to complete the unit. The external finish is similarly to masonry with brick or plaster rendered block. The reason for chosen this topic is to find why this change occurred. The purpose of this dissertation is to examine the Irish housing market over the last number of years, also to find out the reasons for timber frame construction becoming more popular. Aim To find out why the trend of building domestic housing in Ireland has changed from masonry construction to timber frame construction. Objectives To investigate the Irish housing market and find reasons for the trend change from masonry construction to timber frame construction. To examine the reasons why timber frame construction has grown to the level it has over masonry construction. To examine the views of homeowners and property developers towards timber frame construction. Literature Review The primary data will be sourced from RGU database, Internet sites, RGU books and journals. Relevant Irish government reports and websites will also be looked at to gain an unbiased view. Also the views of the construction agencies in Ireland will be explored. Research and methodology The author plans on doing a comparison of the two construction types in order to achieve reasons for the shift in trend. The brief comparison case studies will include cost, time, heat and energy of both types of construction. Questionnaires Questionnaires provided the primary research for this dissertation. The author shall do up one and give it out to relevant homeowners and property developers to gain an insight into their views. By doing this the author will find out the market potential of timber frame construction. Structure of Dissertation Chapter One This chapter explains the title of the dissertation, introduces the motivations and gives a background for the reasons for choosing this topic. The author explains to the reader the aim and objectives of the dissertation and how they are going to be achieved. Chapter Two The literature review will investigate in trend in Irish construction. Current construction agencies reports will be looked to try and gain an insight to the change in trend. The author feels that this will achieve the first objection of this dissertation. Chapter Three This chapter will investigate the two building options with regard to cost, time, heat and energy. This will be done by a number of interviews and case studies. Areas looked at will be construction cost and life cycle costs. Also will include a case study of both types of construction where U-Values and Building Energy Rating will be achieved and assessed to gain an insight into why the trend shifted. The author feels that this will achieve the second objection of this dissertation. Chapter Four This chapter the opinions and views of homeowners and property developers towards timber frame construction and masonry construction are explored by means of a questionnaire. The author feels this will achieve the third objection of the dissertation. Chapter Five In this finally chapter the conclusion provides a brief summary of the finding of the preceding chapters. Literature Review Background Over 70% of home in the developed world are timber frame homes. 60% of Scottish new dwelling are timber frame and over all in the United Kingdom timber frame accounts for 15% of new homes. Ireland is slowly following our neighbours. Over the last ten year Ireland had been experiencing a construction boom. Housing units been completed in 2000 being 49,812 units growing to 62,686 in 2003, peaking in 2006 with 82,980 unit completed. After 2006 the housing market in Ireland started to fall, numbers of units being built in 2007 being 71,356 continuing to fall in 2008 as 48,151 units and continuing to fall in 2009. (Central Statistics Office Ireland 2008) Many housing estates and apartment blocks had been popping up in every city, town and village mainly around the computer belt around the capital city of Ireland Dublin. Then slowly the rest of the country following. In 1992 timber frame construction account for only 5% of the new dwelling market. Since then it has grown to enormous levels to account for 30% of total housing construction nationally (Construction Industry Federation 2009). Typical these building were constructed by masonry construction, this consisted of a 300mm cavity wall with block inner leaf, insulation, cavity and a brick/block outer leaf finished with a plaster render. Over the last seventeen years timber frame construction has shown steady growth. Timber frame construction consists of an off site engineered building which arrives to site and the pieces are assembled to complete the unit. The external finish is similarly to masonry with brick or plaster rendered block. Some industry experts predict that by 2012 it will account for 50% of the new dwelling market. The timber frame industry in Ireland has shown strength and resilience, despite these difficult economic times. When the upturn comes, timber frame construction will be presented with numerous opportunities. (Maurice Buckley, CEO, NSAI National Standards Authority of Ireland.) Reasons for this happening? Energy In Ireland over the last number of years there has been a turn in attitude regarding the environment, which has in some part resulted in changes been implemented by the construction industry with regard to energy conservation. The main topic that has come to the fore on an Irish domestic level is the conservation of fuel and energy consumption. The construction industry has been identified as a considerable part of the national energy bill. Attitudes of developers and homeowner are changing to environmentally friendly buildings. Due to this timber frame construction has seen a steady growth. Timber frame is renewable building option, for every tree cut down two more are planted. The cost of turning the raw product into a building material is conceivably less than traditional methods. Timber is the only sustainable renewable commercially viable building material. The production of concrete produces vast amounts of Carbon Dioxide (C02), which has a negative impact on the environment and contributes significantly to global warming. (Irish Timber Frame Manufacturing Association 2009) Speed As the construction boom grow so did the need for housing and more importantly fast housing. One of the main factors for this turn towards timber frame is speed of construction. The frame of the building can be erected in a number of days which compared to typical masonry building is incredibly faster. This is due to the timber frame been constructed off site in a factory and delivered to site as a planned process of assembly. Masonry on the other hand takes a number of weeks to reach roof level where as timber frame is erected in a number of days. Even in wet weather work can still continue as a scaffolding system is in place around the foundation, where as blocks for masonry construction can only be laid in dry weather. Also with timber frame construction the building is weather proof much faster so internal works can begin much quicker. Also a lot of the slower work for plumbers and electricians such as first fixing is much easily done in a timber frame house. Timber frame has 30% shorter, more predictable construction time than brick and block (UK Timber Frame Association 2009). In masonry construction the use of wet trades in the build causes extra time needed for drying out. Because timber frame is a dry form of construction there is no drying out time which is a saving of a number of weeks. Also because of this there is less lightly a risk of cracking appearing on walls and ceilings for shrinking which can occur in masonry frequently. Cost The cost of a timber frame house is similar to masonry built. Unlike masonry, costs of a timber frame build can be fixed long before the foundations are poured. This is due to most timber frame suppliers also fix the structure. So a fix price for a fixed solution. No rain days for wet trades or no additional costs. This ensures that the additional expenses that spiral as a building progress can be eliminated. (Irish Timber Frame Manufacturing Association 2009). The number of persons need to fix the structure is lower than a masonry build, also with regard to time, time is money so the faster the build the cheaper for the developer and homebuilder. Also the hand over time for a complete dwelling is must faster so this will benefit developers cash flow and profitability. Due to the speed of construction on site security cost or greatly reduced. Flexibility of Layout Because timber frames internal walls being construction out of light weigh partition walls the internal space of a timber frame build is very flexible. Any mistakes in layout of internal walls is easily rectified, where as masonry internal wall would be particularly more difficult to correct. Case Studies Introduction To get real reasons for the trend mover towards timber frame construction and to get a true indication of the cost difference in both timber frame and traditional masonry domestic construction the author looked at two key areas, construction costs and life cycle costs. In relation to construction costs the areas of preliminary costs; plant and equipment costs and site labour costs are looked at in greater detail. Construction Costs Preliminary Costs Every construction project incurs preliminary costs. Preliminary costs are defined as, Costs which are directly involved with the overall completion of a construction project ( Roy Chudley 2002) These costs include items such as site management, insurance for the project, drivers and operatives. On larger sites where site cabins, offices, storerooms, toilets and canteens are required the costs incurred are also referred to as preliminary costs. For each project there is an allowance set aside for preliminary costs. However in relation to timber frame construction these costs are included in the overall timber frame package. This is a result of the majority of the work required for timber frame construction being carried out off site, which in turn makes the budget costs a lot cheaper than traditional masonry. Derek Moore a director with Timberline building contractors Ltd Dublin states, by pre-manufacturing the timber frame off-site, houses are constructed more cost effectively. (Pick a Pro 2009) To back up this point the Irish Timber frame manufactures association states this method of construction is not cheaper particularly if the builder hasnt thought his practices through but because factory fabrication means much greater predictability, better controls and of course, a faster pace (Irish Timber Frame Manufacturing Association 2009). This is not the case for its traditional masonry counterpart as preliminary costs are required as a separate budget, this is due to the fact that all of the work required for traditional masonry is carried out on site. A majority of the preliminary budget for the traditional masonry method includes hire of plant and provision for skips and concrete silos on site etc. Another factor to be taken into consideration is the time period taken to construct a timber frame house, which is significantly lower than that of traditional masonry counterpart. Costs such as site supervision and the need for engineers and the like on site are greatly reduced. Plant and Equipment Costs Plant and equipment costs should be taken in to consideration when dealing with construction costs. Every project requires certain types of equipment and plant to carry out work to a conclusion. According to Colm Kilroy a quantity surveyor with Michael Higgins and associates in Galway, plant and equipment costs are a major part of all construction projects, the utilization of such equipment is vital as a lot of money can be wasted due to bad management and planning on site. He continued to say if plant is required on site for a certain job it is vital that the site is ready for that equipment as once it arrives on site it has to be paid for. (Colm Kilroy 2009) The weather can also plays a part in plant and equipment costs, adverse weather conditions can lead to a lot of equipment being left idle while the cost for having it on the site is still being charged. Obviously the weather conditions cannot be controlled by the project team but in periods of forecasted inclement weather the ordering of plant and materials should be avoided if possible. Site Labour Costs This area of site labour costs greatly differs with both methods of construction. A lot of the factors in relation to cost for the timber frame method of construction are all inclusive of the over timber frame package, the majority of the work to be carried out by specialised labour is completed in the factory and once the timber frame unit leaves for the site their work is finished. This in turn reduces any call back costs, to complement this, the Irish timber frame manufactures association states that, There are lower call back costs; any problems encountered can be eliminated immediately by the timber frame specialists before leaving the factory. (Irish Timber Frame Manufacturing Association 2009) The cost for the labour to rectify these problems is still inclusive of the timber frame package. Traditional masonry construction is in comparison carried out differently with all the construction work associated with traditional masonry been carried out on site and with each individual trade requiring labour to carry out the work. Cost Case Study The author compiled a cost comparison from a construction contractors point of view for the development of a timber frame and masonry domestic dwelling. The house plans used to carry out this comparison were based on a single house within a development of five similar houses, only the major elements of the structures were included in the pricing. for the comparison were obtained from Barry Doyle a quantity surveyor with a Co Carlow company and John O Connell a construction contractor in Co Galway. The timber frame house is more expensive to construct than its masonry counterpart. There is a cost difference of approximately à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬9,000 between both methods to construct a single house taking the main structural elements in to consideration. For the development consisting of five houses where this house is located the total price difference in the construction of the five houses using both methods of construction can be up to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬45,000 to à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬50,000. The following information shows the reasoning behind the price differences for the important elements of the construction. Timber frame kit This element looks to be very expensive but the majority of materials needed to complete the timber frame house including the labour needed for the construction are included. Concrete raft foundation The price of the raft foundation differs as there is less steel required in the raft for the timber frame house in comparison to the masonry built house, this leads to savings for both the labour and materials. Block work The difference in the price of the block work is due to the inner leaf and the internal walls of the timber frame house been constructed of timber. Roof The timber frame kit incorporates a majority of the roof in the over all package which leads is a massive price difference from the standard roof for the masonry dwelling. Insulation Due to the requirement for more insulation in the timber frame house there is a difference in price over its masonry counterpart. Slabbing As with the insulation due to the amount of timber stud internal partitions and timber inner leaf walls the timber frame dwelling requires more plaster board than the masonry method which increases both the amount of material and labour. Plastering The plastering element differs solely because of the reduced quantity of scratch coat required in the timber frame house. Carpentry The price difference in relation to carpentry is a result of a lot of the timber work coming pre fabricated as part of the timber frame kit, an example being the doors coming pre hung with ironmongery fitted and architrave already attached. Main contractors Profit The main contractors profit has been calculated on the standard percentage being 5%. Life Cycle Costs Introduction Life cycle costs are commonly interpreted as,The operating costs of buildings over the forecast useful life attributed to them (Bruceshaw 2009) These costs include initial capital costs, occupation costs and operating costs. In relation to the building industry and in particular to the traditional masonry and timber frame methods of construction, life cycle costs are essential in deciding which is the overall cost effective method of construction is. In this chapter the author discusses areas such as the running costs and other costs that are involved with both forms of construction. Design Differences and Alterations From an aesthetic point of view timber frame and traditional masonry constructed dwellings when constructed look very similar, however timber frame houses, Allow for more versatile designs than block built houses (Pick a Pro 2009) The question is once the house is constructed how easy is it to carry out modifications to the design. In relation to these alterations Kingspan Century state, Due to the fact the inner leaf of your timber frame house is constructed of solid wood and plasterboard, and not concrete blocks and plaster, extensions and alterations generally have significantly reduced impact on the existing building. (Kingspan Century 2007) To further this statement MBS Timber frame Ltd state, Because the interior of a timber frame house is made of wooden panels and plasterboard, alterations and extensions will not involve the mess and severe disruption of knocking down solid block walls, and all the other trials and tribulations that accompany this type of work. (MBC Timber Frame 2009) Alternatively the block work internal leaf of a masonry house has distinct advantages over is timber frame counterpart. Tasks such as fixing a shelf or curtain rail can be a tricky with the timber frame method, There is no problem doing this in a masonry build home as all the walls are capable of holding shelves, curtain rails etc. it would be a simple matter of drilling the holes in the correct place and screwing your shelf into place (Irish Concrete Federation 2009). In comparison, with a timber frame house, according to John Meehan a carpenter with a Co Galway Company, If you are installing a new kitchen or television unit, you may find that there are no grounds in the wall where you need a fixing. If in this situation if your fixing is put in place without finding a stud, the unit is sure to fall down under pressure. (David Treacy 2009) Property Market and Selling Value Influencing factors in relation to domestic construction include resale value and ease of sale. The traditional masonry constructed process has built up a reputation of been a good seller and a favourite with the Irish public, Galway auctioneer John Gilmore states, Block built houses are easier to sell as people generally go for the trusted method, a lot of people inquiring about timber frame houses are wary and are not easily convinced as to its benefits (Liam Gordon 2009). The view of an Irish timber frame company is that, Auctioneers and estate agents are generally of the opinion that not only is timber frame not an obstacle in selling a home, but on the contrary, is becoming more and more a major selling point. The energy efficiency of timber frame houses is becoming an increasingly valued characteristic. (Kingspan Century 2008) To reiterate this, For mortgage purposes and insurance, most lenders and insurers rank timber frame equally with block work. As far as resale value is concerned, there appears to be no difference at all between the two systems. However some individuals have their own preferences, built up from their own experience or things they have heard about either system. (Homebuilding and Renovating Magazine 2005) Running Costs The timber frame method of domestic construction encounters large savings over its traditional masonry counterpart. These savings result from the timber frame house having an allowance for insulation on both the external and internal walls; this differs considerably from the traditional masonry method where in most cases only the external walls contain insulation. Because timber frame structures are extremely well insulated and have less mass than more traditional forms of construction, significant savings can be made in heating costs. (Homebuilding and Renovating Magazine 2005) A leading Irish timber frame company states, Savings of between 30% and 40% on heating bills are fairly typical. (Devsan Timber Frame Homes 2009) In relation to further savings in the future with timber frame, It is estimated that the heating cost of a timber frame home can be 30% lower than that of a masonry dwelling, and the rapid rise in energy costs these costs look set to increase. Sunday Business Post Newspaper 2007) In conclusion the savings to be made with the timber frame method of domestic construction in relation to heating and energy use are extensive over its masonry counterpart. Time of Construction Introduction From a time to construct perspective the length of time it takes to build and finish both forms of construction differs. The construction of a traditional masonry dwelling has a longer time programme than its timber frame counterpart. The main factors contributing to the difference in construction times include. Programme of works The programme of works for both methods has a time difference of approximately seven weeks from foundation stage to decorating and moving in stage. Derek Moore of Timberline building contractors states, In terms of build speed, timber frame can deliver a significant 30% reduction on traditional construction times, which affect cash flow and reduces local disturbance. (Pick a Pro 2009) The view of another Irish timber frame supplier is the construction time of both methods of construction is even larger depending on the building, Construction time is cut by almost 40% as your timber frame structure is erected on site within days depending on size and complexity of building. (Clark Group 2008) Building Finishes During the stage whereby the timber frame unit is erected the internal first fixing work can commence. This work can proceed inside the house as the masonry skin is being built, in comparison no internal work can commence on the masonry house while the block work element is being constructed. The long drying out period associated with traditional masonry construction is also a disadvantage in comparison to the timber frame method. Apart from the obvious labour saving, timber frame doesnt need any drying-out time, unlike a standard masonry construction, which needs up to 1,500 gallons of water to evaporate before it is dry. (Sunday Tribune 2001) To reiterate this a leading Irish timber frame supplier states, Timber frame aids internal finishes, all walls are straight and plumb, corners are square and true. With timber frame there are less of the wet trades, plasterboard needs only to be skimmed and paint, decorative materials and floor coverings can be applied sooner to dried surfaces. (Castle Timber Frame Homes 2009) Heat Loss in Buildings Introduction For the purpose of this dissertation the author compared the U Value of the external walls of both a timber frame and masonry constructed dwelling, the author also decided to obtain the Building Energy Rating (BER) for both methods of construction so as to make an accurate comparison. Both the U Value calculation and the Building Energy Rating are based on the house plans. With the expertise of Michael Sweeney of Sweeney Energy the U Value and BER calculations were compiled and the results are as follows. U-Value Calculation A U-value is the term given to the measure of heat loss through sections of a building. It measures the rate that heat transmits through a component or structure when there is a difference in air temperature at both sides. U Values are expressed in Watts per metre Kelvin which is the rate of heat transfer in watts through 1m2 of the structure for one unit of temperature difference between the air on the two sides of the structure. (Roy Chudley 2002) U-Value Terms The following are terms associated with the calculation of the U-Value. Thermal Conductivity It is the measure of a materials ability to transmit heat and is expressed as the energy flow in watts per square metre of surface area. (Roy Chudley 2002) Thermal Resistance This is symbolized by the letter R, as representative of a materials thermal resistance achieved by dividing its thickness in metres by its thermal conductivity. (Roy Chudley 2002) Timber Frame U-Value Calculation The above calculations show that a traditional masonry external cavity wall has a U-Value of 0.35 W/m2K in comparison to the timber frame outer wall, which has a U-Value of 0.25 W/m2K. The findings for this particular calculation show that the timber frame domestic construction has a better U-Value than its masonry constructed counterpart. Building Energy Rating (BER) Calculation The author decided to compare the Building Energy Rating of both methods of construction. To achieve this the author availed of the expertise of a qualified BAR assessor who calculated both BER values using the same house plans as used for the U Value Calculations. For the purpose of the reader the author explains some of the terms associated in the Building energy rating procedure. Building Energy Rating Terms The procedure is based on calculating the energy balance for a dwelling, this is the energy required by the dwelling plus any losses, then less the energy gains this is equal to the energy delivered in to the dwelling (Cheveron Training 2009) Delivered Energy, expressed as kWh/year. This corresponds to the energy consumption that would normally appear on the energy bills of the dwelling for the assumed standardisation occupancy and end users considered. (Cheveron Training 2009) Primary Energy, expressed as kWh/year. This includes delivered energy, plus an allowance for energy overhead incurred in extracting, processing and transporting a fuel or other energy carrier to the dwelling. For example, in the case of electricity it takes account of generation efficiency at power stations. (Cheveron Training 2009) The results show that both timber frame and traditional masonry domestic construction have an energy rating of B2 for this house. The B2 rating is acceptable for a building, which incorporates a natural ventilation design. The primary energy value for the timber frame method of construction is lower than its masonry counterpart and indicates that the overhead incurred in extracting, processing and transporting of energy to the dwelling is lower for timber frame method. The comparison of the Co2 emissions results in the timber frame method having lower emissions output and as previously discussed the lower the Co2 emission the better it is for the environment. Finally the timber frame method had a lower delivered energy rating. This shows that the energy consumption on the energy bills of the dwelling are again lower than its masonry counterpart. Developers views regarding the change from masonry to timber frame: To achieve a true indication on the views of the construction industry in regard to both methods of construction and why the trend has moved towards timber frame it was necessary to obtain the views of developers who actually carry out the building works. As part of the author research, many construction agencies were contacted. Philip Mahoney of timber frame manufactures association was contacted and helped with the authors questions. Philip Mahoney of the Timber Frame Manufacturing Association said when asked why the trend has moved from masonry to timber frame. From a developers point of view speed of construction was very important, because a timber frame house can be up and roofed in a matter of days and ready for the follow on trades to move in. for the developer this was a great advantage as they were in and out much quicker and therefore turn cash over. Timber frame would have also have got popular with the self build sector because of the fact that a) quite an education process was carried out by the association and its members, b) the green card also began to come into play as well as timber frame is seen as environmentally friendly which the industry has been promoting. Tom McHugh, Director of Kilcloghans Ltd Galway who have been prominent traditional masonry builders for a number of years said in regards to ease of build we are masonry builders and we build timber frame, we find that it is especially simple to build the timber frame method he went on to say in relation to construction costs timber frame is as economical to build as traditional masonry regarding construction costs in relation to the downturn in the construction industry he stated yes the construction cost for both methods had dropped but both methods still work out in and around the same price. He also stated that they found the main advantages of timber frame to be a drier form of construction as well as the obvious advantages of speed to build and economical to run. From a selling point of view he found timber frame, easier for the reason that they are more economical in terms of energy use. Francis Geraghty Director of Frame to finish building contractors Co Galway stated in terms of ease of construction, the timber frame method depends largely on the type of house the client wants to build as well as the quality of site preparation before the timber frame building reaches the site. He sees the main advantages of the timber frame method for him are the U-Values that can be achieved and also the whole timber frame structure is up and ready for internal work in a matter of days. Colm Kilroy a Quantity S

Poem Analysis- Robert Fross; Robert Browning; Anne Bradstreet Essay

Robert Frost, â€Å"Out,Out—â€Å" 1. In line 15, Frost describes the saw as being sinister. He infers that the saw has a mind of its own, by stating that the saw jumped out of the boy’s hand and cut the boy’s hand terribly. Frost also makes it seem as if the saw is in a way, like a friend. He does this by demonstrating that using the saw is an advantage for the boy because it is making his job ten times easier. Without the saw, the boy would spend hours cutting through the wood. 2. In Frost’s poem, the people that surround the boy must be his family. It could also very much be friends, or members of his community, along with the doctor and nurses working on his injury. The tone of the poem leads me to conclude that the â€Å"they† in the poem weren’t very surprised or moved by the boy’s injury, or death, because this might have happened before, or they just didn’t care for the boy. 3. Frost’s reference to Macbeth’ contributes to my understanding of  "Out, Out-â€Å"that this poem’s theme is about death. From the reference to Shakespeare play, Macbeth, I can expect read about someone dying, an unexpected death. In my opinion, the theme of this poem is the cruel, emotionless, merciless relationships adults had with their children back then in America. Children weren’t given the opportunity to enjoy their childhood. They had many responsibilities and tasks to fulfill. 4. Robert Frost’s â€Å"Out, Out-‘† resembles the medieval folk ballad, â€Å"Sir Patrick Spence,† in its theme. Both poems are relaying a message about death. In Frost’s poem, the boy acknowledges the fact that he is going to die when he realizes he is losing a lot of blood. In â€Å"Sir Patrick Spence,† the sailor realizes he is coming face to face with death when he reads the letter the king has sent to him. Both of the protagonists in the poems are on the verge of dying a sudden, unexpected death. Robert Browning, â€Å"My Last Duchess,† 1. Throughout the entire poem, it is almost impossible allocate who the Duke is addressing. Towards the end of the poem, lines 49-52, it is disclosed that the Duke is speaking to a servant, or worker of a Count. This specific Count seems to have the Duke interest, because he wants to marry the Count’s daughter. The Duke appears to be hosting some sort of gathering in his home. I inferred this from lines 47 and 48. 2. Throughout the poem, the Duke emphasizes on his last Duchess, kindness and flirtatious attitude. In the Duke’s opinion, and observance, the Duchess was easily impressed, and fulfilled. Everything and anything made her happy. She would always say thank you to anyone, and everyone that would bring her things, or do things for her. The Duke interprets the Duchess’ kindness, and mannered behavior as flirtatious, which leads to his distrust in her. Based on the Dukes description, the Duchess, in my eyes was a well mannered woman. She wasn’t mean, or sought herself above anyone. Which is how he, the Duke wanted her to act. He wished she’d be a greedier or unfulfilled character. 3. In lines 34-41, the Duke explains why he never sought to confront his Duchess on her behavior. He states he didn’t have the eloquent skills to do so. He claims that he didn’t posses the speech to confront her. â€Å"Who’d stoop to blame/This sort of trifling? Even had you skill/ In speech-(which I have not)-to make your will/† This in my opinion is a lame excuse. I believe that he was simply afraid of confrontation. The Duke also states that if he had confronted the Duchess on her behavior, she would have made an excuse for her actions. 4. From this poem, I conclude that the Duke himself murdered, or gave orders to murder his Duchess. There is no clear evidence to support this, but I believe it is a clear interpretation. The poet should have included the Duchess’ fate in the poem. It would leave little room to assume her fate. 5. Robert Browning makes a direct connection between the Duke’s art collection, and the attitude towards his wife. The Duke has the portrait of his wife; his last Duchess displayed in his home, behind a curtain. A curtain, which only he can draw back, or remove. In other words, he, the Duke, controls the Duchess; or he wishes to control his Duchess. The Duke wouldn’t want anyone to see the portrait of his Duchess, with her blushed cheeks, unless he was there. The same can be inferred from the last few lines of the poem, line 54-55, â€Å"Notice Neptune, though,/Taming a sea-horse, thought a rarity,/ Which Claus of Innsbruck cast in bronze for me!† The Duke is implying, that he himself is Neptune, and his last Duchess is the sea-horse. No one could have imagined that a sea-horse could be tamed, but Neptune achieved it. Identical to the way that the last Duchess herself was tamed. Adrienne Rich, â€Å"Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers,† In her poem, â€Å"Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers,† Adrienne is describing the protagonist’s feelings towards her marriage. In lines 9-10, the protagonist feels that she is a prisoner of her marriage, and will only be set free when she dies. The protagonist uses the tigers as a symbol of who she wished she could be. In the first stanza of the poem, Adrienne describes the tigers as being un-fearful of the men. A trait she wishes she possessed. Sharon Olds, â€Å"Rite of Passage,† 1. The speaker describes the first-grade boys at her son’s birthday party as men. Their behavior is pure imitation of the men they have been around. Her description of them is ironic, because how can first-graders realistically be grown men? She also uses the concept of violence a lot in the poem. 2. In the last two lines of the poem, the author compares the first-graders to generals, and states that they are playing war. This is ironic, because she is inferring how (grown) men glorify war. The first-graders are innocent and naà ¯ve to the truth behind war. They don’t understand the sadness, and deaths behind it. To them, it is a reason to celebrate and rejoice. What is even more ironic, are the lines prior to the last two lines of the poem. The speaker quotes what the little boy has said. In line 22, â€Å"We could easily kill a two-year-old†. Little boys should not be speaking of death. But just like (grown) man boost up their ego by feeling superior to others and educing violence, these first-graders are doing the same. 3. From line 15-20, the mother describes her son as being innocent. She paints her son to be better than the other first-graders, because she seeks him out to be more mature than they are. Throughout the rest of the poem, due to the speaker’s description of her son, it can be inferred that the speaker’s on is the leader of the group. He is the mediator; the peace maker. Suji Kwock Kim, â€Å"Monologue for an Onion,† 1. The tone of this poem is mocking, and judgmental. It implies that humans live their lives chasing false hopes; searching for a truth that does not exist. The poet symbolizes this by using the analogy of shaving an onion to get to its heart; searching for a heart that does not exist. It depicts that humans are hopeless, and helpless. Humans are viewed as lost creatures. The speaker expresses hostility towards the human. It begins to mock humans by describing them as an idiot, thirsty (to find the truth), soulless, foolish, and destined to die. The speaker does this by comparing how a human cuts an onion over and over again, even though the onion makes the cutter cry relentlessly. 2. In line two, â€Å"I mean nothing† is projected to be interpreted on two ways, â€Å"intend†, and â€Å"signify. The poet is saying that the onion’s intentions aren’t to make the â€Å"cutter/human† cry. As the onion is cut, it forces the cutter’s eyes to fill up with tears. A reaction that is not intended, but occurs automatically. The poet also uses the phrase â€Å"I mean nothing† to symbolize that the onion feels like it is no one. It feels as if it has no value, or meaning of existence. 3. If someone said this to me, it would prove how close-minded and naà ¯ve they are. Poems generally convey a meaning far beyond what the poem explicitly reads. In poetry, you must read between the lines to understand the underlying significance of the poem. The poet is using the analogy of an onion’s (chemical) reaction to a human’s tear ducts to deploy how foolish human beings can be, and are. Continuing to cut through an onion, knowing that the onion will force us to cry is foolish. This simple action is identical to human life. Human’s cut through life searching for a truth they never attain. 4. I personally feel that the author is trying to give everyone a wake-up call in this poem. Suji Kwock Kim is trying to give her readers a few words of wisdom. She is exploring, and revealing a new approach on how one should view the world. Trying to encourage her readers to refrain from what an onion cutter is doing: cutting away at life causing them harm. Anne Bradstreet, â€Å"The Author to Her Book† Anne Bradstreet’s poem, â€Å"The Author to Her Book† is a complex narrative concerning the conflicting emotions and thoughts an author can have for a piece of literature he or she has written. Through metaphor and personification, Bradstreet examines the similarities between being a parent and being an author. The love, discouragement, and fear that all come into play when something is going to be revealed to the world at large are present in both a parent and a writer. Metaphor is used to relate authorship to parenthood in order to convey to the reader the complex emotions the narrator is feeling about sending a book he or she wrote out into the world. As the narrator points out, â€Å"Thou ill-formed offspring of my feeble brain†, drawing the parallel between the author and a parent and all of the complicated emotions that go with it (line 1). The narrator refers to the book-child as â€Å"My rambling brat†, revealing the negative side of the emotion (l ine 7). As a frustrated parent with a child who will not behave, so the narrator feels towards the book because it is not as perfect as he or she would want and the narrator sees this as a reflection upon the author, just as a parent would see a naughty child as a reflection on themselves. But later the narrator writes, â€Å"Yet being mine own †¦ affection would thy/Thy blemishes amend† demonstrating the conflicting emotions associated with love (lines 10-11). The metaphor of the book as a child reflects the conflicting emotions of the narrator as the book is seen as an extension of the narrator, just as a child is seen as a reflection of a parent. Personification of the book as a child creates empathy within the reader and makes it easier for the reader to relate to the anguish and love felt by the narrator. â€Å"I washed thy face† the narrator writes, speaking to the book, giving it life even as the book’s qualities as an inanimate object are examined (line 13). The narrator cares for the book’s presentation to the world just as a parent would care for the presentation of a child to the world. â€Å"I stretched thy joint to make thee even feet† the narrator writes, emphasizing the care needed for the book (line 15). The personification of the book and the metaphor of the book as a child work together to give the reader a full and complete understanding of the complex emotions felt by the narrator towards the book. The understanding needed and the guidance required to make the book the best possible so that it reflects well on the narrator is cast in light of parenthood and the ways in which a parents must care for and bring up a child. There is shame and the love that go along with an imperfect child, but it all is ultimately overshadowed by the pride felt in the final product.